Few of the software leviathans are built in functional languages. Facebook uses PHP/Hack, Google Java, C++, Amazon Java, Netflix Java. The common consensus about functional languages is that they provide large benefits over object oriented and procedural languages like Java. One particular claim is that functional languages like Haskell can do the same work in 1/10th the lines of code. If functional languages really are better we would expect to see the big tech companies investing heavily in adopting functional languages. We might even expect them to create a functional programming language just for their use case, but instead Google created Go possibly the least functional programming language created in the 21st century. What is going on here? Why aren’t functional programming languages being adopted in the biggest software systems on the planet?
People have argued that inertia is the explanation for the low adoption of functional programming languages in massive software projects, but I think the evidence is in the opposite direction. Google created an entire new language that was intentionally less functional than Java. Facebook started on PHP and then extended that language into Hack. They could have used that energy to completely adopt Haskell.
My suspicion is that the real reason functional languages are not used in massive software leviathans is meta-programming. Meta-programming enables software developers to create custom domain specific languages, literally adding new programming syntax and expressions to the code base. This is an incredible power and can make a lot of problems much easier. But meta-programming does not scale.
In a software project with 10,000 software engineers. At this scale the limiting factor is not our ability to write clean and concise code. The main issue is understanding the effects of changes to the code base. A change might take a month to research before changing 500 lines of code. Not doing your research upfront more likely then not will result in you starting the project than realizing 2 weeks in that your approach will never work. Then having to start over.
Meta-programming falls under the set of programming constructs that are easier to write than they are to read. This is true for all code of course, but in large code bases reading Golang code is reliably easier than reading Lisp code.
In a algorithmic metaphor, Golang code complexity scales at O(n^2) vs Lisp code scaling at O(n^3).